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In classical heraldry, vert () is the name of the tincture roughly equivalent to the colour "green". It is one of the five dark tinctures (''colours''). The word ''vert'' is simply the French for "green". It is used in English in the sense of a heraldic tincture since the early 16th century. In Modern French, ''vert'' is not used as a heraldic term. Instead, the French heraldic term for green tincture is ''sinople''. This has been the case since ca. the 16th century. In medieval French heraldry, ''vert'' also meant "green" while ''sinople'' was a shade of red. Vert is portrayed by the conventions of heraldic "hatching" (in black and white engravings) by lines at a 45-degree angle from upper left to lower right, or indicated by the abbreviation vt. when a coat of arms is "tricked". The colour green is commonly found in modern flags and coat of arms, and to a lesser extent also in the classical heraldry of the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Green flags were historically carried by the Fatimid Caliphate in the 10th to 12th centuries, and by Ottokar II of Bohemia in the 13th century. In the modern period, a Green Ensign was flown by Irish vessels, becoming a symbol of Irish nationalism in the 19th and 20th century. The Empire of Brazil used a yellow rhombus on a green field from 1822, now seen in the flag of Brazil. In the 20th century, a green field was chosen for a number of national flag designs, especially in the Arab and Muslim world because of the symbolism of green in Islam, including the solid green flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977). Sometimes, the different tinctures are said to be connected with special meanings or virtues, and represent certain elements and precious stones. Even if this is an idea mostly disregarded by serious heraldists throughout the centuries, it may be of anecdotal interest to see what they are, since the information may be used for poetic purposes. Many sources give different meanings, but the vert tincture is said to represent the following: * of jewels, the emerald; * of heavenly bodies, Venus. ==Middle Ages== The green tincture was left out of some heraldic works in the Middle ages, but the first known English treatise, the Anglo-Norman "De Heraudie" (dated to sometime between 1230 and 1345), lists vert among the other tinctures. The French term ''sinople'' was in use prior to the 15th century, but it did not refer to green, but rather to red, being identical in origin to ''Cinnabar'', originally the name of a red pigment also known as ''sinopia''. Descriptions of knightly shields as painted at least partly green in Arthurian romance are found earlier, even in the late 12th century.〔 ''Le Chevalier de la charrette'' (ca. 1170s) mentions an ''escu vert d'une part'' "a partly green shield" (v. 5785). ''Cligès'' (ca. 1176) mentions a case of ''armes verts'' "green arms" (v. 4669). See Brault (1997:286f.)〕 Here, the '' Chevalier au Vert Escu'' ("knight with the green shield") often marks a kind of supernatural character outside of normal chivalric society (as is still the case with the English "Green Knight" of ca. 1390), perhaps in connection with the Wild Man or Green Man of medieval figurative art. The Anglo-Norman ''prose Brut'' (ca. 1200) has Brutus of Troy bear a green shield, ''Brutus Vert-Escu, Brutus Viride Scutum''. Green is occasionally found in historical coats of arms (as opposed to the fictional "green knights" of Arthurian romance) from as early as the 13th century, but it remained rare, and indeed actively avoided, well into the 15th century, but becomes more common in the classical heraldry of the 16th and 17th centuries.〔"There was an antipathy towards green until well into the 15th century" Terence Wise, Richard Hook, William Walker Medieval heraldry, vol. 99 of the Men-at-arms series, Osprey Publishing, 1980, ISBN 978-0-85045-348-5, (p. 11 ) 〕 An early example of a green escutcheon was that of the coat of arms of Styria, based on the banner of Ottokar II of Bohemia (r. 1253-1278), described by chronist Ottokar aus der Gaal (ca. 1315) as: :''ein banier grüene als ein gras / darin ein pantel swebte / blanc, als ob ez lebte'' :"a banner green as grass, therein suspended a panther in white, () as if alive." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vert (heraldry)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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